Kural 0404 -🎭 ஆடம்பரம் அல்ல அறிவு – Wisdom Beyond Ornament
Kural 404 teaches that beauty or display without learning holds no value; wisdom alone earns respect. Insights, practices, story.
💡 சிந்தனை - Insight
Key Questions
- Universal – Why do people respect some individuals deeply, while others are admired only for a short while?
- Universal – Does beauty, talent, or wealth guarantee respect without knowledge?
- Universal – Why do leaders without substance eventually lose credibility?
- Management (Drucker) – How does continuous learning anchor long-term effectiveness?
- Leadership – What makes charisma insufficient without competence?
- Politics – Why do nations honor uneducated doers but not decorated pretenders?
- Business – Can a startup founder rely on vision alone without knowledge?
- Psychology – Why do surface traits (looks, quick wit) fail to build trust in groups?
- Education – What role does cultivated learning play in building social legitimacy?
- Sports – Why do raw talent athletes fade without discipline and learning?
- Philosophy (Aristotle) – What distinguishes ornamental good from essential good?
- Religion (Gita/Bible) – Why is wisdom valued above ritual or display?
Key Insight
Thiruvalluvar: Outward beauty, charm, or display may delight the eye, but without knowledge, they hold no weight; the wise honor only the substance of learning, for it alone endures beyond appearances.
📜 குறள் – Kural
குறள் 404
கல்லாதான் ஒட்பம் கழியநன் றாயினும்
கொள்ளார் அறிவுடை யார்
[பொருட்பால், அரசியல், கல்லாமை]
கொள்ளார் அறிவுடை யார்
[பொருட்பால், அரசியல், கல்லாமை]
சந்தி பிரிப்பு
கல்லாதான் ஒட்பம் கழிய நன்றாயினும்
கொள்ளார் அறிவுடையார்
Transliteration
Kallaadhaan Otpam Kazhiyanan Raayinum
Kollaar Arivutai Yaar
— (Transliteration)
kallātāṉ oṭpam kaḻiyanaṉ ṟāyiṉum
koḷḷār aṟivuṭai yār.
— (Transliteration)
English Translation
However adorned the unlearned may be,
the wise will never accept them.
Purpose of This Kural
The purpose of this kural is to remind us that external beauty, ornament, or superficial cleverness cannot substitute for true learning. It is a call to pursue knowledge and inner cultivation, for only these grant respect in the eyes of the truly wise.
Relevance / Need in Today’s Context
In an era obsessed with appearance, charisma, and quick fame, this kural remains deeply relevant. It warns us that without substance — real skills, knowledge, and discipline — surface displays will be exposed and rejected by those who matter most.
🔤📚பதவுரை - Design of Words
(Building blocks of the verse)
பதவுரை - Word Meanings in Tamil
கல்லாதான் - கல்வி கற்காதவன்
ஒட்பம் - அறிவு; அழகு; நன்மை; மேன்மை.
கழிய - மிகவும்
கழிதல் - மிகுதல்; கடந்துபோதல்; நடத்தல்; குறைபடுதல்; அழிதல்; ஒழிதல்; சாதல்; முடிவடைதல்; வருந்துதல்; மலம்முதலியன வெளிப்படுதல்; அச்சங்கொள்ளுதல்.
கழிதல் - மிகுதல்; கடந்துபோதல்; நடத்தல்; குறைபடுதல்; அழிதல்; ஒழிதல்; சாதல்; முடிவடைதல்; வருந்துதல்; மலம்முதலியன வெளிப்படுதல்; அச்சங்கொள்ளுதல்.
நன்று - நல்லது; சிறப்பு; பெரிது; அறம்; இன்பம்; நல்வினை; உதவி; வாழ்வின்நோக்கம்; துறக்கம்; ஏற்கைக்குறிப்பு
ஆயினும் - ஆனாலும்; ஆவது உம்மைப் பொருளில் வரும் எண்ணிடைச்சொல்.
கொள்ளார் - மனம்பொறாதவர்; பகைவர்.
அறிவு - ஞானம்; புத்தி பொறியுணர்வு; அறியவேண்டியவை; கல்வி ஆன்மா
உடையார் - உடையவர்கள்
Unpacking Each Word — Its Meaning and Impact
கல்லாதான் (kallādān) – one who has not learned, the uneducated
👉 Not simply "illiterate." Thiruvalluvar uses it with weight: a person who chose not to cultivate learning. It is a moral deficit, not just circumstance. It highlights lack of refinement of mind.
ஒட்பம் (oṭpam) – inner excellence, nobility, natural intelligence, beauty
👉 Not just physical beauty. Here it is virtue-glow, natural charm, talent, or grace. It signals that even if such a person has other admirable qualities, they remain incomplete without learning.
கழிய (kazhiya) – exceedingly, surpassingly, in great measure
👉 This is the intensifier. The poet heightens the contrast: "even to the extreme," "beyond measure," to show that untrained greatness loses shine.
நன்று (nanru) – goodness, excellence, virtue, nobility
👉 Not only "good" but "beneficial, meaningful, constructive for society." Valluvar here layers the term: greatness must be useful, not ornamental.
ஆயினும் (āyinum) – even if, though
👉 This is the conditional hinge. It ties the exaggeration to judgment: "despite all this…" It's the poet's turning point.
கொள்ளார் (koḷḷār) – they will not accept, will not esteem
👉 This is a strong verb. It doesn’t mean hatred, but rejection of value. The wise do not give place, do not count him as worthy.
அறிவுடையார் (aṟiv-uṭaiyār) – those with wisdom, bearers of discernment
👉 Not mere "educated." These are people with the vision to see through surfaces. Their judgment defines social legitimacy.
Summary in Style
கல்லாதான் → more than "uneducated," it is a self-failure in discipline.
- ஒட்பம் → natural gifts (beauty, talent, goodness) cannot substitute for cultivated wisdom.
- கழிய → extreme emphasis: "even if abundant."
- நன்று → goodness must be actionable, not ornamental.
- ஆயினும் → creates the paradox, a sharp contrast.
- கொள்ளார் → ultimate rejection of worthiness by the discerning.
- அறிவுடையார் → wise people as final arbiters of value.
👉 Essence: Natural gifts without cultivated learning may shine, but to the truly wise, they carry no weight.
Contextual Understanding — Why, Where, What, When, How?
Why this Kural?
- Valluvar warns leaders and individuals alike: birth qualities, beauty, or raw talent cannot replace the discipline of learning. Society may admire temporarily, but wisdom alone measures true worth.
Where does it apply?
- In courts of kings: a handsome, charming but uneducated man may rise briefly, but the wise ministers will not entrust him with statecraft.
- In family/relationships: charm without knowledge collapses in crisis.
- In corporate/workplace: natural charisma may get applause, but without cultivated knowledge, the wise will not promote or sustain them.
What is Valluvar doing poetically?
- He begins with கல்லாதான் (uneducated) — the flaw first.
- Then ஒட்பம் கழிய நன்று — he grants maximum credit (beauty, grace, virtue in abundance).
- Finally ஆயினும் கொள்ளார் அறிவுடையார் — delivers the judgment blow: "the wise will not accept."
- The crescendo is deliberate: lift him high with praise, then drop him hard with truth.
When does this truth strike?
- In times of testing or crisis. When surface charm fades, wisdom is demanded, and its absence is exposed.
How is the effect sharpened?
- By contrast intensifier (கழிய நன்று ஆயினும்) – even if overflowing with goodness.
- By placement – he ends with அறிவுடையார், putting the final authority in the hands of wisdom, not appearances.
- By exclusion – not "all will reject," but the wise specifically. This creates a hierarchy: the foolish may still admire him, but the wise will not.
📝 பொழிப்புரை - Full Meaning
முழுப்பொருள் — Full Meaning in Tamil
பல உரைகள் ஒட்பம் என்ற சொல்லுக்கு அறிவு என்ற அர்த்தத்திலேயே பொருள் கூறுகின்றன. ஆனால் ஒட்பம் என்ற சொல்லுக்கு அழகு என்ற சொல்லும் பொருந்தும். ஆதலால் கல்விகற்காதவர்கள் எவ்வளவு மிகுதியாக அலங்காரம் / ஒப்பனை / பாவனை/ ஆடம்பரம் செய்தாலும் அது நன்றாக இருந்தாலும் அவர்களை கற்றோர் சான்றோர் ஏற்கமாட்டார்கள்.
படிக்காதவர்கள் உலகத்தில் பலர் உள்ளனர். ஆனால் அதில் சிலர் தங்களின் செயல்கள் மூலம் நாட்டிற்கு தொண்டாற்றினவர்கள். செயல் வீரர் அவர்கள். அவர்களை ஏற்காமல் இருக்க முடியாது. திருவள்ளுவர் அவர்களை நிராகரிக்க மாட்டார். இன்றைய காலகட்டத்தில் கல்விகற்காமலும் தொண்டாற்றிய பல கர்மவீரர்களுக்கு சாதனையாளர் விருது அளித்து கௌரவித்து உள்ளது சான்றோர் உலகம். ஆதலால் ஒட்பம் என்ற சொல் அழகு ஆடம்பரம் என்ற அர்த்தத்திலேயே எடுத்துக்கொள்ள வேண்டும்.
மற்ற உரைகள் — Interpretations by Other Tamil Commentators
பரிமேலழகர் உரை
கல்லாதான் ஒட்பம் கழிய நன்று ஆயினும் - கல்லாதவனது ஒண்மை ஒரோவழி நன்றாயிருப்பினும், அறிவுடையார் கொள்ளார் - அறிவுடையார் அதனை ஒண்மையாகக் கொள்ளார்.
(ஒண்மை: அறிவுடைமை, அது நன்றாகாது, ஆயிற்றாயினும் ஏரலெழுத்துப் போல்வதோர் விழுக்காடு ஆகலின், நிலைபெற்ற நூல் அறிவுடையார் அதனை மதியார் என்பதாம்.).
பாமரருக்கும் பரிமேலழகர் எளிய உரை - சி.இராஜேந்திரன்
மணக்குடவர் உரை
கல்லாதானது ஒண்மை மிகவும் நன்றாயிருப்பினும் அதனை ஒண்மையாகக் கொள்ளார் அறிவுடையார். ஒண்மை யெனினும் அறிவெனினும் அமையும். இது கல்லாதார் ஒள்ளியாராயினும் மதிக்கப்படாரென்றது.
மு.வரதராசனார் உரை
கல்லாதவனுடைய அறிவுடைய ஒருக்கால் மிக நன்றாக இருந்தாலும் அறிவுடையோர் அதனை அறிவின் பகுதியாக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ள மாட்டார்.
சாலமன் பாப்பையா உரை
படித்தவர் முன் பேசினால் படிக்காதவரின் பெருமை குறைந்து போகும்.
புலியூர்க் கேசிகன் உரை
கற்றவர்களின் முன்பாகச் சென்று சொல்லாடாதிருந்தால், கல்லாதவர்களும், அந்த அளவுக்கு மிகவும் நல்லவர்களாகவே கற்றவரால் கருதப்படுவர்
குறளும் பொருளும் - பா.ராகவன் உரை
சரியாகவே இருந்தாலும் படிக்காதவன் சொல் எடுபடாது.
அவனிவன் பக்கங்கள் - அஷோக் சுப்ரமணியன் உரை
அஷோக் உரை
Snippets from Orator Bharathi Bhaskar
யான் தமிழ் காணொளி
மேலும்/More
Comprehensive English Meaning & Poetic Rendering
Thiruvalluvar, with deliberate precision, begins by pointing to the unlearned — kallādān — not as a man merely deprived of books, but one who has failed to cultivate the discipline of learning. The poet immediately contrasts this deficit with oṭpam, a word rich in double valence: it means both “beauty and ornamentation” as well as “a seeming dignity or cleverness.” Thus Valluvar allows us to see the whole spectrum of surface strength — charm, glamour, quick wit, or decorated virtue — all of which may be abundant.
Yet he presses further with kazhiya nanru āyinum — “even if exceedingly good.” By piling on praise, he is not mocking but heightening the paradox. An unlearned man may be gorgeously adorned, eloquent in appearance, or even graced with natural talent. He may shine in the eyes of the shallow, and even draw temporary applause. But beneath the shimmer, the absence of cultivated knowledge leaves a hollow echo.
Then comes the sharp judgment: koḷḷār aṟiv-uṭaiyār — “the wise will not accept.” This is not rejection out of arrogance, but discernment. True wisdom recognizes that external flourishes cannot anchor a man in the long run. Without learning, his ornaments collapse like paint on a wall with no foundation. The wise reserve their esteem for those whose strength arises from inner cultivation — whether through books, practice, or lived wisdom.
Thus, the kural carries a layered lesson. If oṭpam is read as “beauty,” the verse teaches that glamour cannot win lasting respect. If read as “shallow cleverness,” it warns that wit without depth cannot command the wise. Taken together, Valluvar offers a timeless reminder: natural gifts or decorated appearances may sparkle briefly, but it is the discipline of learning that alone earns enduring recognition from those who see truly.
Poetic Rendering
Though draped in silk, with ornaments bright,
An untrained mind shines not in the light.
Glamour may dazzle, wit may pretend,
But wisdom alone endures to the end.
The learned discern, the shallow they see,
True worth is anchored in what we study.
🧠 Psychological Angle
(Explore human behavior, emotions, biases, ego patterns — only if naturally relevant)
- Social Identity Theory (Henri Tajfel, John Turner):
Knowledge is social currency. Without it, individuals struggle to integrate into respected groups, leading to exclusion. - Cognitive Dissonance:
The unlearned who tries to project superiority experiences inner conflict when exposed, leading to shame or withdrawal. - Self-Efficacy (Albert Bandura):
Learning builds confidence to engage in varied contexts; without it, individuals feel powerless.
Real-life example:
A young employee may dress sharply and appear confident, but without actual skills, colleagues and mentors quickly lose respect.
🔬 Science & Systems Parallels
(Modern scientific or systemic connections — explained only if they truly align)
- Neuroscience – Neuroplasticity:
Continuous learning strengthens adaptability; without it, the brain becomes rigid, mirroring social rejection of the unlearned. - Systems Thinking – Feedback Loops:
Learning → competence → respect → more opportunities → further learning. Ignorance → exclusion → stagnation → decline. - Biology – Survival Advantage:
Evolution favored those who learned tools and strategies. Mere appearance or ornament had no survival value.
📚🔭 சிந்தனைவெளி - Global Parallels
தமிழ் இலக்கியச் செல்வம் - ஒப்புமை — Parallels in Other Tamil Literary Works
பழமொழிப்பாடல் வரிகள் ஒன்று,
“அறிவில்லான் மெய்த்தலைப் பாடு பிறிதில்லை
நாவற்கீழ்ப் பெற்ற கனி” (பழமொழி 138)
“கல்லாதான் கண்ட கழிநுட்பம் காட்டரிதால்” (பழமொழி 367)
என்கிறது.
சிறுபஞ்சமூலப்பாடல் (4) ஒன்று,
“கல்லாதான் தான்காணும் நுட்பமும்…
நல்லார்கள் கேட்பின் நகை” என்கிறது.
Parallels from World Thought
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
- “The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.”
- Meaning: True worth is cultivated through learning, not appearances, echoing the kural.
Stoicism (Epictetus, Discourses)
- “It is impossible for a man to learn what he thinks he already knows.”
- Meaning: External pride or seeming cleverness cannot replace disciplined wisdom.
Peter Drucker, The Effective Executive
- “Knowledge has to be improved, challenged, and increased constantly, or it vanishes.”
- Meaning: Enduring recognition comes only through continuous learning, not titles or charm.
Steve Jobs, Stanford Address 2005
- “Stay hungry, stay foolish.”
- Meaning: Encourages constant learning and humility, not reliance on surface charm.
Warren Buffett
- “Risk comes from not knowing what you’re doing.”
- Meaning: The unlearned may look impressive, but without knowledge they falter under pressure.
Bhagavad Gita, 4.33
- “Knowledge is superior to ritual action.”
- Meaning: Outer show (ritual/ornament) is less valued than inner wisdom.
Bible, Proverbs 4:7
- "Wisdom is the principal thing; therefore get wisdom.”
- Meaning: Direct parallel to the supremacy of learning over all adornment.
Mahatma Gandhi
- “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.”
- Meaning: Without continuous learning, no decoration of life has value.
Nelson Mandela
- “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.”
- Meaning: External charm cannot transform; knowledge does.
Sachin Tendulkar
- Often said: “Talent is not enough. Hard work and discipline take you further.”
- Meaning: Raw gifts alone do not earn respect without learning and refinement.
🥁 எழுத்தாளர் ஜெயமோகனின் வெண்முரசு — Thematic Snippets from Venmurasu
🌀 Visualization & Models
(Text-based diagrams, cycles, frameworks — applied only where the kural fits a structure)
Layered Pyramid (3 levels):
- Base – Surface Display (Ornament, Beauty, Glamour)
- Middle – Raw Cleverness / Quick Wit
- Top – True Learning / Wisdom (Only this earns respect)
Flow Model (Input–Process–Output):
- Input: Natural gifts (beauty, talent, charm).
- Process: Without learning → emptiness. With learning → refinement.
- Output: Acceptance/rejection by the wise.
🧠 அகப்பயணம் – Inner Exploration
Scholar’s Questions — Valluvar’s Answers
Universal – Why do people respect some individuals deeply, while others are admired only for a short while?
Thiruvalluvar: Respect is rooted in wisdom; glitter without depth fades, but knowledge commands lasting reverence.
Universal – Does beauty, talent, or wealth guarantee respect without knowledge?
Thiruvalluvar: Ornament and talent may dazzle for a moment, but only knowledge anchors dignity in the hearts of the wise.
Universal – Why do leaders without substance eventually lose credibility?
Thiruvalluvar: Leadership without knowledge is like a crown without weight—impressive to see, but empty in trials.
Management (Drucker) – How does continuous learning anchor long-term effectiveness?
Thiruvalluvar: Effectiveness grows not from position or prestige but from a learner’s mind that never ceases to deepen.
Leadership – What makes charisma insufficient without competence?
Thiruvalluvar: Charisma draws the crowd, but competence holds their trust; without learning, charm collapses.
Politics – Why do nations honor uneducated doers but not decorated pretenders?
Thiruvalluvar: Deeds born of lived wisdom outweigh empty titles; the world bows to those who serve, not those who shine.
Business – Can a startup founder rely on vision alone without knowledge?
Thiruvalluvar: Vision inspires, but knowledge builds—without it, even the brightest idea crumbles in practice.
Psychology – Why do surface traits (looks, quick wit) fail to build trust in groups?
Thiruvalluvar: Groups sense the hollow beneath glitter; trust forms only where knowledge and substance dwell.
Education – What role does cultivated learning play in building social legitimacy?
Thiruvalluvar: Learning is the true ornament; without it, even the finest appearances lack recognition.
Sports – Why do raw talent athletes fade without discipline and learning?
Thiruvalluvar: Talent dazzles like feathers, but discipline and learning sustain the flight.
Philosophy (Aristotle) – What distinguishes ornamental good from essential good?
Thiruvalluvar: Ornament pleases the eye; essence shapes the soul. Only the latter endures in measure of worth.
Religion (Gita/Bible) – Why is wisdom valued above ritual or display?
Thiruvalluvar: Ritual shines outwardly, but wisdom sanctifies within—only the latter bridges man with truth.
Thiruvalluvar: Outward beauty, charm, or display may delight the eye, but without knowledge, they hold no weight; the wise honor only the substance of learning, for it alone endures beyond appearances.
🧠 Think With Me — Questions for Curious Young Minds (Ages 13–21)
- Have you ever admired someone at first for their style or looks, but later respected them more (or less) because of what they knew or how they acted?
This helps you notice how real respect comes from substance, not appearance. - If you could choose between being the most stylish kid in school or the one everyone comes to for advice, which would you pick—and why?
This builds reflection on what kind of value lasts in friendships and community. - Can you think of someone (a teacher, coach, or even a grandparent) who doesn’t dress fancy but earns deep respect? What makes people listen to them?
This turns reflection toward understanding why wisdom and experience outshine outer glitter.
🌿 கதைகள் - Stories
Story :The Empty Crown
Once there was a prince admired for his charm and attire. He spoke little but was loved for his presence. One day, his kingdom faced a sudden crisis when the river dried up. The people turned to him for wisdom, but he knew nothing of canals, farming, or leadership. His decorated crown glittered, but it solved nothing. An old farmer, uneducated but learned through years of practice, proposed irrigation. The kingdom survived. The prince realized: his crown was empty without knowledge. From then, he sat with the farmer daily to learn.
Moral (Essence of the story):
Ornament and charm win eyes, but only learning wins survival and respect.
Connection to Everyday Life:
In careers and relationships, surface brilliance fades — only continuous learning sustains influence.
🌙 Bedtime Story: The Shiny Peacock and the Wise Owl
Once in a forest, a peacock with shiny feathers strutted proudly. All animals admired him. But when they were thirsty in summer, the peacock could only dance. An old owl, though plain, showed them where to dig for water. The animals cheered the owl. The peacock felt sad but then followed the owl to learn. Slowly, the peacock became useful as well as beautiful.
Moral (Essence of the story):
Beauty alone is not enough; learning makes you truly helpful.
Connection to Everyday Life:
Even children must keep learning — not just show toys or clothes.
🛠️நடைமுறை - Practical Tools
Wisdom becomes powerful only when lived. This section offers simple, actionable ways to apply the kural’s insight in daily life.
Tool 1: Continuous Learning Review (Management & Careers)
- What: System of reviewing and applying learnings weekly.
- How: 15-min weekly review of books/projects; ask, “what did I apply?”
- Impact: Moves knowledge from theory to lasting credibility.
Tool 2: Substance over Style Filter (Leadership)
- What: Check decisions for substance vs appearance.
- How: Before presenting, ask: “Am I adding real insight or just style?”
- Impact: Builds trust with teams and avoids hollow leadership.
Tool 3: Conversational Humility Practice (Relationships)
- What: Restrain urge to dominate conversations without knowledge.
- How: Practice listening > speaking; admit ignorance openly.
- Impact: Earns deeper respect and avoids embarrassment.
Tool 4: Skills-to-Respect Pathway (Entrepreneurship)
- What: Align startup credibility with demonstrated skill.
- How: Build prototype, gather evidence, then seek recognition.
- Impact: Prevents collapse of reputation built only on pitch.
Tool 5 (Philosophical): Lifelong Learner’s Lens
- What: View every encounter as a teacher.
- How: Daily journaling: “What did today teach me?”
- Impact: Transforms ego into humility, sustains relevance.
Micropractice 1:
- Read 5 minutes daily from a subject outside your field.
Micropractice 2:
- In meetings, wait 10 seconds before speaking; check if you have knowledge or just noise.
🌸🧐💎🔍 நுட்பத்தின் இதழ்கள் — Petals of Subtle Insight (Applications in Today’s World)
Like petals of a flower, each kural opens to many meanings—this section shows its relevance through different lenses today. It’s about breadth of meaning, showing readers the range of modern applications of the kural.
Category: Leadership & Respect
Theme: True respect comes from learning, not surface charm.
Why: Leaders without knowledge lose credibility quickly.
Audience: Entrepreneurs, managers, young professionals.
Tags: learning, respect, leadership, credibility
Domain: Leadership, Management
Category: Personal Growth & Self-Mastery
Theme: Ornament fades, but learning endures.
Why: Encourages lifelong humility and learning.
Audience: Students, learners, seekers.
Tags: growth, humility, self-mastery, wisdom
Domain: Psychology, Self-Development
Category: Relationships & Social Value
Theme: Beauty may impress, but wisdom sustains acceptance.
Why: Builds awareness of depth vs superficiality.
Audience: Young adults, families, communities.
Tags: respect, belonging, wisdom, family
Domain: Sociology, Relationships
Category: Education & Career
Theme: Skills and knowledge earn lasting recognition.
Why: Career growth rests on real competence, not appearance.
Audience: Job seekers, professionals, students.
Tags: education, career, competence, skills
Domain: Career Development, Education
🎭 Masks & Misuses
(How the kural could be twisted, misapplied, or ego-driven — and the balanced meaning Valluvar intended)
- Elitist Misuse: Thinking only formal degrees count as learning.
✅ Correct: Any form of wisdom (skills, lived experience) is valid. - Exclusionary Misuse: Using this kural to shun the uneducated.
✅ Correct: It is a call to personal growth, not a license to exclude. - Literalist Misuse: Assuming it condemns the unlearned entirely.
✅ Correct: It warns against surface charm, not genuine contribution.
🌿 முக்தாய்ப்பு - Punchline
அறிவில்லா அழகு வீண் – Beauty Without Wisdom is Empty.
All the ornament and surface charm fade, but learning alone gives lasting worth and acceptance among the wise.
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